The classification of learning according to Robert Gagné includes
five kinds of learned capabilities: intellectual skills, cognitive strategies,
verbal information, attitudes, and motor skills. The Gagné taxonomy is perhaps
the most popular of the many learning taxonomies in the field of instructional
design (Reigeluth, 1983). It's popularity can be attributed best for its ability
to clearly distinguish between abstract and concrete definitions of learning
(Seels and Glasgow, 1990).
Motor
Skills refers to bodily movements involving muscular activity.
Examples might be: Starting a car, shooting a target, swinging a golf club.
Attitude is an
internal state which affects an indiviudal's hoice of action toward some object,
person, or event. Examples might be: Choosing to visit an art museum, writing
letters in pursuit of a cause.
Verbal Information
include:
1) Labels and Facts and
2) Bodies of Knowledge.
1) Labels and facts refer to naming
or making a verbal response to a specific input. The response may be naming
or citing a fact or set of facts. The response may be vocal or written. Examples:
Naming objects, people, or events. Recalling a person's birthday or hobbies.
Stating the capitals of the United States.
2) Bodies of Knowledge refers to
recalling a large body of interconnected facts. Example: paraphrasing the meaning of textual materials or stating rules and regulations. Example: Paraphrasing
the meaning of textual materials. Stating rules and regulations.
Cognitive
Strategy is an internal process by which the learner controls
his/her own ways of thinking and learning. Example: Engaging in self-testing
to decide how much study is needed; knowing what sorts of questions to ask
to best define a domain of knowledge; ability to form a mental model of the
problem.
Intellectual
Skills include 1) Discrimination 2) Concrete concept
3) Rule using and 4) Problem solving. These are the four levels within the
intellectual skills domain that Gagné identified as his taxonomy.
Discrimination
is making different responses to the different members of a particular class.
Seeing the essential differences between inputs and responding differently
to each. Example: Distinguishing yellow finches from house finches on the
basis of markings; having to tell the differences between gauges on an instrument
panel.
Concrete
concept is responding in a single way to all members of
a particular class of observable events. Seeing the essential similarity among
a class of objects, people, or events, which calls for a single response.
Example: Classifying music as jazz, country western, rock, etc.; saying "round
upon seeing a manhole cover, a penny, and the moon.
Rule
using is applying a rule to a given situation or condition
by responding to a class of inputs with a class of actions. Relating two or
more simpler concepts in the particular manner of a rule. A rule states the
relationship among concepts. Examples: It is helpful to think of rules or
principles as "if-then" statements. "If a task is a procedure,
then use flowcharting to analyze the task." "If you can convert
a statement into an 'if-then' statement, then it is a rule or principle."
Problem
solving is combining lower level rules to solve problems
in a situation never encountered by the person solving the problem. May involve
generating new rules which receive trial and error use until the one that
solves the problem is found.
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